NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is the reduced state of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, also known as reduced coenzyme I. The connection between nicotinamide and ribose ring exists in two spatial localization, α, and β, mainly in the form of β-NADH. in most organisms.
The relationship between NADH and NAD+
NADH and NAD+ are a redox pair in cells, NADH is the reduced form of NAD, and NAD+ is its oxidized form. In redox reactions, NADH acts as a hydrogen and electron donor, and NAD* acts as a hydrogen and electron acceptor, involved in physiological processes such as respiration, photosynthesis, alcohol metabolism, cell growth, neuronal function, and stress resistance. They are interconverted in organisms, and they are closely involved in life activities as coenzymes in many redox reactions.
NADH Benefits：
NADH plays a crucial role in biocatalysis, including antioxidant, energy metabolism, cell protection, immunity, aging, and gene expression.
1) Participate in antioxidant and oxidative stress responses
NADH/NAD+ is a very important redox electron pair. The standard reduction electricity is -0.32V, which reflects the strong reducing performance of NADH which is a strong antioxidant naturally present in cells. NADH can inhibit lipid peroxidation by interacting with free radicals to protect mitochondrial membranes and mitochondria. Experiments have found that oxidative stress caused by ischemia, strenuous exercise, toxic substances, and radiation can be effectively reduced by NADH, thereby protecting liver cells, fibroblasts, neurons, vascular endothelial cells, and cardiomyocytes.
2) Participate in energy metabolism
NADH is one of the important coenzymes in aerobic respiration, and the [H] of NADH carries a lot of energy at the same time. Experimental studies have shown that the use of NADH can increase the level of intracellular ATP, which means that NADH can penetrate the cell membrane. NADH affects the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation process to generate 2.5 ATP, which plays a crucial role in mitochondrial respiration.
3) Promote the production of neurotransmitters
Studies have found that NADH significantly boosts the production of the neurotransmitter dopamine, a chemical signal essential for short-term memory, involuntary movements, and spontaneous physical responses that affect and determine muscle movement. Without enough dopamine, muscles will become stiff. Part of the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease is caused by the disorder of dopamine synthesis in brain cells. Existing clinical experimental data have confirmed that NADH can help relieve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. NADH can promote the synthesis of serotonin and norepinephrine and has shown good application potential for Alzheimer's disease, partial sensory dysfunction symptoms, relief of depression, and improvement of Parkinson's syndrome movement disorders.
4) Participate in the regulation of cell expression
NADH can activate the multi-enzyme system in the body. On the one hand, it can promote the synthesis and metabolism of nucleic acid, protein, and polysaccharides, and on the other hand, it can increase the rate of material transfer and improve the metabolic function, which plays an important role in the regeneration, repair, and protection of cells. Experimental studies have shown that NADH plays an important role in the expression of cells, especially in many processes such as cell senescence, canceration, and death.
5) Participate in immunity
More and more studies have shown that NAD* precursor has an anti-inflammatory effect. Gomes et al. treated 24-month-old mice with it for 1 week, and the expression of inflammatory markers such as TNF-a and IL-6 in skeletal muscle decreased. NADH stimulates the production of interleukin IL-6, which can regulate peripheral blood leukocytes and improve the activity of peripheral leukocytes. It is a key component of the immune system. Therefore, it can fundamentally improve the immunity of the entire body and greatly enhance the ability to resist diseases.
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