In recent years, as the number of diabetic patients increases year by year and the patients are younger, how to prevent and treat diabetes has attracted great attention from scholars at home and abroad. The sugar-controlling substance mulberry leaf extract 1-deoxynokirimycin (DNJ) has gradually become the focus of attention of scholars. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that DNJ has a competitive inhibitory effect on α-acid glucosidase and exhibits a highly effective hypoglycemic effect. It has significant pharmacological effects on diabetes and its related complications, and studies have found that it has the effects of inhibiting tumor metastasis and antiviral.
Hypoglycemic mechanism of 1-deoxynojirimycin
Diabetes is a clinical syndrome of hyperglycemia due to insufficient insulin in the body, and 1-deoxynojirimycin is a polyhydroxyalkaloid type compound with better inhibitory glycosidase activity, and its affinity is stronger than that of maltose and sucrose. The main way of lowering blood sugar is that it combines with α-glucosidase in the small intestine, inhibiting the decomposition of maltose and sucrose, thereby significantly reducing the amount of sugar absorbed in the intestine. At the same time, DNJ acts as an amylase inhibitor, because the active site of amylase is composed of multiple subsites, and each subsite can bind to the substrate glucose residue. Its inhibition mechanism is mainly manifested in the competition with the same substrate for the binding site of the enzyme. Studies have found that the inhibitory activity of DNJ on A. niger amylase is often related to the structure of the enzyme subsite. When DNJ binds to the I subsite of the enzyme active site, it usually binds to the enzyme in a reversible form for the substrate.
A large number of research data at home and abroad have confirmed that the active components of mulberry leaves are mainly alkaloids, polysaccharides and flavonoids, among which the effect of polysaccharides is the most obvious, followed by alkaloids and flavonoid glycosides. They mainly achieve hypoglycemic effect through two ways: one is to inhibit the activity of disaccharide decomposing enzymes through mulberry leaf alkaloids DNJ and flavonoids; Second, through mulberry leaf alkaloids and mulberry leaf polysaccharides to promote the secretion of insulin by β cells, thereby promoting the utilization of sugar by cells, the synthesis of liver glycogen and the improvement of sugar metabolism, and finally achieve the effect of lowering blood sugar. However, there are also data showing that flavonoids in mulberry leaves have no obvious effect of lowering blood sugar and increasing liver glycogen, which need to be further studied.
With the phenomenon of younger age and generalization of diabetes in recent years, the hypoglycemic value of mulberry leaf extract DNJ has been continuously explored. At present, due to the complex components in mulberry leaves, the low extraction rate and the low product purity, DNJ has not been industrialized. Therefore, it is imminent to study how to improve the extraction rate, how to exert the efficacy of DNJ, explore synergistic anti-glycemic drugs with DNJ, and how to select suitable capsule wall materials to regulate the release rate of DNJ.
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